{"id":2265,"date":"2015-11-01T23:45:50","date_gmt":"2015-11-01T15:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=2265"},"modified":"2015-11-01T23:57:23","modified_gmt":"2015-11-01T15:57:23","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e6%96%b9%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%9a%e7%ac%9b%e5%8d%a1%e5%b0%94","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=2265","title":{"rendered":"\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14"},"content":{"rendered":"<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/A-History-of-Western-Philosophy.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-2211\" src=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/A-History-of-Western-Philosophy-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"A History of Western Philosophy\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/A-History-of-Western-Philosophy-188x300.jpg 188w, https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/A-History-of-Western-Philosophy.jpg 288w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><em>A History of Western Philosophy<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Bertrand Russell<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u7f57\u7d20<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>9780415325059<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08<strong>Ren\u00e9 Descartes<\/strong>\uff09\u662f17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u4e0d\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u628a\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8089\u4f53\u90fd\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u52a8\u7269\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u6709\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u7cbe\u6c14\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u8089\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7075\u9b42\u652f\u914d\u8089\u4f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u683c\u4ee4\u514b\u65af\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u4e8c\u65f6\u949f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u8089\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5c31\u50cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u4f46\u5374\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u65f6\u949f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u628a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5982\u6b64\u5e73\u884c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c82\u4e0d\u4e5f\u5e26\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u6027\u8d28\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u8bf4\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300a<strong>Discourse de la m\u00e9thode<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff09\u548c\u300a<strong>M\u00e9ditations<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u6c89\u601d\u5f55\uff09\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u91cc\u3002\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u6000\u7591\uff08<strong>Cartesian doubt<\/strong>\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u89c9\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u627e\u5230\u6000\u7591\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6000\u7591\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u6211\u8eba\u7740\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c2+3=5\u201d\u3002\u6000\u7591\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u68a6\u4e2d\u6216\u8005\u5e7b\u89c9\u91cc\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9b3c\u4f7f\u795e\u5dee\u6216\u8005\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e00\u5c42\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u771f\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6000\u7591\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\u662f\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5219\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u662f\u963f\u732b\u963f\u72d7\u5728\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4fbf\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u201c\u6211\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<strong>Cogito ergo sum\uff1dJe pense, donc je suis\uff1d\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728<\/strong>\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u505c\u6b62\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u6211\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8ddf\u8089\u4f53\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5305\u62ec\u6000\u7591\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u8bbe\u60f3\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u6b32\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8702\u8721\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff08wax argument\uff09\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5916\u754c\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u51ed\u7cbe\u795e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u7d20\u5bf9\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u663e\u7136\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u6000\u7591\u7684\u6b62\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4ef6\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u4ed6\u627e\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u3002\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u662f\u539f\u59cb\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6211\u201d\u4e8e\u7406\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u662f\u6709\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u5230\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8def\u4ece\u770b\u4f3c\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e00\u4e0b\u5b50\u8c41\u7136\u5f00\u6717\u4f3c\u5730\u63a8\u7406\u5230\u5982\u6b64\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u5230\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u51e0\u4e4e\u60ca\u8273\u7684\u918d\u9190\u704c\u9876\u7684\u5473\u9053\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u65b9\u5f0f\u9887\u6709GEB\u7684\u98ce\u683c\uff0c\u53bb\u6000\u7591\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4e0a\u5347\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u53bb\u505a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u5f88\u5389\u5bb3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u6216\u8005\u7f57\u7d20\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7a0d\u5fae\u5f80\u7ec6\u60f3\u4e00\u60f3\uff0c\u5374\u603b\u89c9\u5f97\u54ea\u91cc\u4e0d\u5bf9\u52b2\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u54ea\u91cc\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u548c\u5c0f\u4f19\u4f34\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u8bb8\u4e45\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u7599\u7629\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d85\u8d8a\u5b83\u672c\u6765\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u5728\u201d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u7b49\u4ef7\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u5728\u201d\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6700\u5947\u602a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u6000\u7591\u548c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u7684\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3002\u524d\u8005\u6000\u7591\u7684\u70b9\u662f\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u5bbe\u8bed\uff1b\u540e\u8005\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u80fd\u6000\u7591\u4e86\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\u4e3b\u8bed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u540e\u6211\u5c31\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u800c\u662f\u201c\u601d\u5728\u201d\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u201c\u601d\u5728\u201d\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u201c\u6211\u5728\u201d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6000\u7591\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4e5f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u6211\u662f\u5728\u505a\u68a6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6309\u7167\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u5403\u201d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u5403\u201d\u91cc\u5fc5\u7136\u6709\u4e00\u9879\u662f\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u201c\u6211\u5728\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u6216\u8005\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u5403\u201d\u5e94\u8be5\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u201c\u6211\u5728\u201d\u554a\uff1f\uff01\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6211\u4e0d\u5403\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4ed6\u5403\u201d\u6216\u8005\u201c\u5979\u5403\u201d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u80fd\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u6765\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u903b\u8f91\u8ba9\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u91d1\u5c71\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91d1\u5c71\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u519c\uff08Alexius Meinong\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u91d1\u5c71\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u80af\u5b9a\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u7684\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5f53\u5728\u5ba1\u89c6\u524d\u63d0\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5df2\u7ecf\u8574\u542b\u4e86\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u5047\u8bbe\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u6211\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u8fd8\u60f3\u4e0d\u901a\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5403\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u90a3\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u8c01\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u6000\u7591\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u4e0d\u80fd\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u522b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u554a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u8001\u5929\u53ef\u4ee5\u6000\u7591\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u554a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A History of Western Philosophy \u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2 Bertrand Russell \u7f57\u7d20 9780415325059 \u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08Ren\u00e9 Descartes\uff09\u662f17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u51fa\u540d\u7684\u540d\u8a00\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u201d\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u8fd9\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u4e0d\u662f\u51ed\u7a7a\u800c\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7406\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u628a\u4eba\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u8089\u4f53\u90fd\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u4ed6\u89c9\u5f97\u52a8\u7269\u5b8c\u5168\u53d7\u7269\u7406\u5b9a\u5f8b\u652f\u914d\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u673a\uff1b\u800c\u4eba\u6709\u7075\u9b42\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u7cbe\u6c14\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u8089\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7075\u9b42\u652f\u914d\u8089\u4f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u683c\u4ee4\u514b\u65af\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u201c\u4e8c\u65f6\u949f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u8089\u4f53\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5c31\u50cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u4f46\u5374\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u65f6\u949f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53e4\u602a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5982\u679c\u628a\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5982\u6b64\u5e73\u884c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7cbe\u795e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5c82\u4e0d\u4e5f\u5e26\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u6027\u8d28\u4e86\u5417\uff1f \u518d\u8bf4\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u300aDiscourse de la m\u00e9thode\u300b\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\uff09\u548c\u300aM\u00e9ditations\u300b\uff08\u6c89\u601d\u5f55\uff09\u8fd9\u4e24\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u91cc\u3002\u4ece\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u6000\u7591\uff08Cartesian doubt\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u89c9\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u6000\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u627e\u5230\u6000\u7591\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u771f\u7406\u3002\u6000\u7591\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c\u6211\u8eba\u7740\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u201c2+3=5\u201d\u3002\u6000\u7591\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u68a6\u4e2d\u6216\u8005\u5e7b\u89c9\u91cc\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9b3c\u4f7f\u795e\u5dee\u6216\u8005\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u4e00\u5c42\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4e0d\u771f\u3002\u7136\u540e\u5728\u6000\u7591\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u7684\u662f\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u8bf4\u660e\u201c\u6211\u6000\u7591\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5219\u786e\u51ff\u65e0\u8bef\u7684\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u4e0d\u662f\u963f\u732b\u963f\u72d7\u5728\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4fbf\u63a8\u5bfc\u51fa\u201c\u6211\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002Cogito ergo sum\uff1dJe pense, donc je suis\uff1d\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6211\u505c\u6b62\u601d\u7ef4\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4fbf\u6ca1\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u6211\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u8ddf\u8089\u4f53\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5305\u62ec\u6000\u7591\u3001\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u8bbe\u60f3\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u3001\u610f\u6b32\u3001\u60f3\u8c61\u3001\u611f\u89c9\u3002 \u63a5\u7740\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u4e3e\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8702\u8721\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff08wax argument\uff09\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5916\u754c\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u51ed\u7cbe\u795e\u3002 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\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a8\u5bfc\u903b\u8f91\u8ba9\u6211\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u91d1\u5c71\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91d1\u5c71\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8fc8\u519c\uff08Alexius Meinong\uff09\u8bf4\uff1a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c\u91d1\u5c71\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u547d\u9898\u7684\u4e3b\u8bed\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u80af\u5b9a\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505a\u7684\u662f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5f53\u5728\u5ba1\u89c6\u524d\u63d0\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5df2\u7ecf\u8574\u542b\u4e86\u7ed3\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\u5047\u8bbe\u63a8\u5bfc\u5230\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u5462\uff1f 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