{"id":2032,"date":"2014-12-27T21:44:01","date_gmt":"2014-12-27T13:44:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=2032"},"modified":"2014-12-27T21:44:01","modified_gmt":"2014-12-27T13:44:01","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e6%96%b9%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%9a%e6%95%99%e7%88%b6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=2032","title":{"rendered":"\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\uff1a\u6559\u7236"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
\"HoWP\"<\/a><\/td>\nA History of Western Philosophy<\/em>
\n\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2<\/em>
\nBertrand Russell<\/em>
\n\u7f57\u7d20<\/em>
\n9787100059954<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u5377\u4e8c\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u76ee\u53eb\u300a\u6559\u7236\u300b\uff0c\u8bb2\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u5143\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u53ca\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7167\u642cminutes\u3002<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u5bfc\u8a00 Introduction\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u7279\u522b\u5927\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u548cGermanic\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u4e2a\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u53cc\u91cd\u6027\uff1a\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u8089\u4f53\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u5e73\u6c11\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u4e0e\u56fd\u738b\u3002\u4fc3\u6210\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u548c\u5404\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u53d1\u5c55 The Religious Development of the Jews<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u540e\u671f\u4f20\u7ed9\u91ce\u86ee\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1a
      \n1. \u54f2\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u65af\u591a\u845b\u6d3e
      \n2. \u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u548c\u795e\u5723\u5386\u53f2\u3002
      \n3. \u4e00\u4e9b\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6551\u8d4e\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u5965\u592b\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u770b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u6765\u770b\u770b\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u91cc\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a
      \n1. \u795e\u5723\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff1a\u4ece\u521b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5230\u672a\u6765\u7684\u5706\u6ee1
      \n2. \u9009\u6c11\u7684\u6982\u5ff5
      \n3. \u6b63\u76f4\uff08\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u516c\u4e49\uff09\u3001\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6148\u5584\u3001\u65bd\u820d
      \n4. \u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8ethe Creed\uff0c\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u6bd4\u5982\uff1a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff1b\u518d\u6bd4\u5982\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u7684\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5f3a\u8c03\u5f8b\u6cd5\u800c\u76db\u884c\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002
      \n5. \u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u672a\u6765\u3001\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u73b0\u4e16\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u76f8\u4fe1\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u662f\u8036\u7a23\uff08\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u662f\u5728\u5929\u56fd\u3002
      \n6. \u5929\u56fd\u738b\u671d\u3002\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3asense\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u601d\u8fa8\u6765\u4f53\u4f1a\u5230\u7406\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u4e5f\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u91cc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u4eba\uff0c\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u5929\u56fd\uff0c\u5929\u56fd\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u672a\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4e0b\u9762\u6765\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff1a
      \n\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u53f2\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f88\u96be\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff1aIsrael\u548cJudah\u3002
      \n722 BC\uff1aIsrael\u88ab\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\uff08Assyrians\uff09\u5360\u9886\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u5b97\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4f20\u7edf\u53ea\u80fd\u9760Judah\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002
      \nJudah\u6bd4\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b58\u5728\u4e45\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002
      \n606 BC\uff1a\u4e9a\u8ff0\u4eba\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u88ab\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26&Medes\u6253\u8d25
      \n586 BC\uff1aNebuchadrezzar\u653b\u9677\u4e86\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\uff08\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd9\u662f\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u5427\uff09
      \n538 BC\uff1a\u5df4\u6bd4\u4f26\u88abCyrus\u653b\u5360\uff08Cyrus\u662fMedes\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u56fd\u738b\uff09
      \n537 BC\uff1aCyrus\u53d1\u5e03\u547d\u4ee4\u5141\u8bb8\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u8fd4\u56de\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u3002
      \n\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5c31\u5728Nehemiah\u548cEzra\u7684\u5e26\u9886\u4e0b\u56de\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86Temple\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5728\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6559\u6ca1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u5728\u88ab\u9a71\u9010\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5148\u77e5Jeremiah\u548cEzekiel\u5f00\u59cb\u5ba3\u4f20\u4e00\u795e\u8bba\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u662fYahweh\u7684\u9009\u6c11\uff0c\u800cYahweh\u53c8\u662f\u771f\u795e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7f6a\u5b7d\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7f6a\u5b7d\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u819c\u62dc\u591a\u795e\u3002\u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u8bf4\uff0cYahweh\u770b\u89c1\u4f60\u4eec\u540c\u65f6\u8fd8\u5d07\u62dc\u522b\u7684\u795e\u4f1a\u53d1\u6012\u3002\u65e7\u7ea6\u4e2d\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5d07\u62dc\u591a\u795e\u662f\u4e4b\u524d\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u6ca1\u843d\u201d\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u53f2\u5b9e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u660e\u663e\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u4f20\u7edf\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\uff1a
      \n– Synagogues\uff08\u96c6\u4f1a\u8bf5\u7ecf\uff0c\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff09
      \n– Sabbath\uff08\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff09
      \n– \u7981\u6b62\u548c\u5f02\u65cf\u4eba\u901a\u5a5a
      \n– \u5272\u793c<\/p>\n

      \u7136\u540e\u8bf4Book of Isaiah
      \n\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u9a71\u9010\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5148\u77e5\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u9a71\u9010\u4e4b\u540e\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5148\u77e5\u5171\u540c\u5199\u7684\u3002\u540e\u8005\u53eb\u505aDeutero-Isaiah\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002
      \nDeutero-Isaiah\u4e3b\u8981\u8bf4\u4e86:
      \n> \u672a\u6765\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u540c\u5316\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u6709\u6218\u4e89
      \n> \u7ae5\u8d1e\u5973\u4f1a\u4ea7\u4e0bImmanuel\uff08\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u548c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u6709\u5206\u6b67\uff09<\/p>\n

      \u5728Ezra\u548cNehemiah\u4e4b\u540e\u5386\u53f2\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u4e00\u7247\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u571f\u4e0a\u9ed8\u9ed8\u53d1\u5c55\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u5f52\u5c5e\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u672c\u571f\u6253\u4ed7\u3002
      \n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e66\u300a\u667a\u6167\u4e66\u300bEcclesiasticus\uff0c\u6559\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f88\u4e16\u4fd7mundane\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u88abAntiochus IV\u8fd9\u4e2aSeleucid\u56fd\u738b\u6253\u65ad\u4e86\u3002Antiochus\u8981\u63a8\u884c\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u3002\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u5730\u533a\u6709\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53eb\u505aHasidim\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u987d\u5f3a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u3002Antiochus\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u571f\u4e0b\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff08\u5f8b\u6cd5\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4Yahweh\u548c\u5b99\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u4f53\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728\u522b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u594f\u6548\u3002\u4ed6\u7981\u6b62\u884c\u5272\u793c\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u5e9f\u9664\u4e0d\u5403\u732a\u8089\u7684\u4e60\u4fd7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u670d\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u5f88\u6b8b\u5fcd\uff08\u4eceMaccabees\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u6765\u770b\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c38\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u5f88\u82f1\u52c7\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u884c\u5272\u793c\u548c\u4e0d\u5403\u732a\u8089\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6709\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bf4\uff1aAntiochus\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u63a8\u884c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u987a\u5229\u4e86\u3002\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u6709Hasidim\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u519b\u961f\u9886\u8896Judas Maccabaus\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u7edf\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u6d88\u4ea1\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4f1a\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

      Maccabees\u867d\u7136\u4fdd\u5168\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ece\u53e4\u4e66\u91cc\u770b\uff0cJudas Maccabaus\u548c\u4ed6\u5bb6\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u540e\u6765\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u656c\u4ef0\u3002\u88ab\u656c\u4ef0\u7684\u5219\u662f\u987d\u5f3a\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3002\u8fd9\u91ccMaccabees\u4e66\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bcd\u4eb2\u548c\u51e0\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50\u62d2\u7edd\u5403\u732a\u8089\u7136\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u88ab\u6b8b\u9177\u5730\u6740\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\uff0cMaccabees\u7684\u4e66\u5374\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u65af\u591a\u845b\u6d3e\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u62d8\u6ce5\u4e8e\u5df2\u6709\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u5148\u77e5\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u65b0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u8981\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5047\u88c5\u662f\u4ece\u53e4\u4e66\u7acb\u770b\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u6ca1\u4eba\u8981\u542c\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u7136\u540e\u63d0\u5230\u4e86Book of Enoch\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u6559\/\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff1f\uff09\u957f\u8001\u770b\u6210\u662f\u6b63\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u88ab\u65a5\u4e3a\u4f2a\u7ecf\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u5931\u4f20\u4e86\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53c8\u8f97\u8f6c\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u522b\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5199\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u5b83\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u65b0\u7ea6\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5931\u4e50\u56ed\u3002\u4e66\u91cc\u5199\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u7f6a\u4eba\u3001\u672b\u65e5\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u3002\u3002<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6700\u521d\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa Christianity During the First Four Centuries<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u72b9\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5f53\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u3002Saint James, Saint Peter\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u5e0c\u671b\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u4f46Saint Paul\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u5411\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4ed6\u53bb\u9664\u4e86\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u91cc\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5272\u793c\u548c\u4e0d\u5403\u732a\u8089\u3002<\/p>\n

        Chosen People\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u5c0a\u5fc3\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u3002\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3e\u53eb\u505aGnostics\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u62d2\u7edd\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 Gnostics\u548c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u6d3eManichaeism\u90fd\u5d07\u656c\u57fa\u7763\u4f46\u8ba8\u538c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\uff1f\uff09\u3002 \u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\u4e4b\u540e\uff0cGnostics\u548cManichaeism\u90fd\u6d88\u9690\u4e86\u3002\u4f46\u662fGnostics\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86Mahomet\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3002 \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ece\u6700\u521d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u7684\u3002\u8bf4\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u964d\u4e34\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u51fa\u4ed6\uff0c\u800cMosaic\u5f8b\u6cd5\u88ab\u89e3\u9664\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u662f\u591a\u5927\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u6cd5\u8003\u8bc1\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\uff0c\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u9ad8\u6df1\u3002\u800c\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5f88\u6d45\u663e\u6e05\u6670\u6613\u61c2\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6700\u521d\u7684synoptic Gospels\uff08\u9a6c\u592a\uff0c\u9a6c\u53ef\uff0c\u8def\u52a0\u798f\u97f3\uff09\u770b\u51fa\u6765\u3002 \u795e\u5b66\u5e0c\u814a\u5316\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0f\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6Origen\u3002\u4ed6\u751f\u6d3b\u5728Alexandria\uff0c\u662fPlotinus\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u662f\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002
        \nOrigen\u8bf4\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff1aFather\uff0cSon\uff0cHoly Ghost\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u5f62\u4f53\u7684\u3002Soul\u5982\u679cvirtuous\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210nous\u3002\u867d\u7136Origen\u662fFathers\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4e5f\u88ab\u6307\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\uff1a
        \n1. \u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u54f2\u5b66\u6765\u7684pre-existence of the soul
        \n2. \u5728Incarnation\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff08\u4e0d\u6b62\u795e\u6027\uff09\u5c31\u5b58\u5728
        \n3. \u5728resurrection\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u90fd\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u5b8c\u5168ethereal bodies\uff08\u5929\u5802\u7684\uff0cspiritual\u7684\uff09
        \n4. \u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6076\u9b54\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f97\u6551\u3002
        \nOrigen\u628a\u4e66\u4e0a\u5bf9eunuchs\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u592a\u5f53\u771f\u800c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u65bd\u884c\u4e86\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u4ed6\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u62c5\u4efb\u795e\u804c\u7684\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u3002Origen\u6700\u957f\u7684\u4e66\u53eb\u505aAgainst Celsus\u3002Celsus\u8bf4\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4e86\u3002\u4f46Origen\u5c31\u4e24\u70b9\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u9a73\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u793e\u56e2\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u70b9\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u5f53\u65f6\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u7684\uff0c\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u76f8\u6bd4\u662f\u91ce\u86ee\u4eba\u3002Origen\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f88\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6027\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u575a\u6301\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7406\u667a\u5c31\u80fd\u8bf4\u670d\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53c8\u7528\u5947\u8ff9\u6765\u5438\u5f15\u4eba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\u7684\u9884\u8a00\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8d77\u7801\u627f\u8bfa\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u6709\u597d\u7ed3\u679c\u3002Origen\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u9b54\u6cd5\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u6bd4\u8f83\u5947\u602a\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u662f\u8bf4\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u4e5f\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6b8b\u4f59\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6743\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u53c2\u653f\u4e86\u3002\u6559\u7687\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u3002\u6559\u7687\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u540e\u4f1a\u8bf4\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n

        Constantine\u6539\u9769\u524d\u540e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0cGibbon\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u4e94\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a
        \n1. \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4ece\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u6765\u7684\u6392\u5916\u6027\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\u6027
        \n2. \u57fa\u7763\u6559\u627f\u8bfafuture life\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u7248\u672c\u662fOrphism\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u7248\u672c\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002
        \n3. \u5947\u8ff9\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5149\u8bf4\u5947\u8ff9\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6bd4\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5176\u5b83\u6559\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5173\u952e\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u4e2a\u4e00\u672cSacred Book\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4ece\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u4e16\u5230\u672a\u6765\u3002
        \n4. \u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u6bd4pagan\u9ad8\u5c1a
        \n5. \u653f\u6cbb\u9700\u8981\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6bd4Gibbon\u8bf4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8bf4\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5185\u90e8\u6d3e\u522b\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u5728Constantine\u5c06\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\u4e4b\u540e\uff0cConstantine\u672c\u4eba\u5bf9\u6559\u6d3e\u4e89\u6267\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0d\u4fe1\u6559\u7684Julian\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f83\u503e\u5411\u4e8eArians\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u4eceConstantine\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5230Council of Chalcedon\uff08451\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u795e\u5b66\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\uff08\uff1f\uff09\u3002
        \n\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u795e\u5b66\u4e89\u8bae\uff1a
        \n1. Trinity\u7684\u6027\u8d28
        \n2. doctrine of the Incarnation<\/p>\n

        Arius\uff08\u91cd\u8bfb\u4e4b\u540e\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c31\u662fArianism\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3athe Son is the equal of the Father\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u88abCouncil of Nicaea\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u3002\u6b63\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0cSon & Father\u662fequal\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684Persons\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2aPerson\u7684\u4e0d\u540caspects\uff0c\u5219\u662fSabellian heresy\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7f57\u9a6c\u5f81\u670d\u4e4b\u540e\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u7684regional feeling\uff0c\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u91cd\u71c3\u4e86\u3002\u4e1c\u8fb9\u7684\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u548c\u4e9a\u6d32\uff0c\u652f\u6301Arianism\uff1b\u57c3\u53ca\u652f\u6301Athanasian\uff1b\u800c\u897f\u65b9\u652f\u6301Nicae\u3002 \u7687\u5e1d\u4eec\u6bd4\u8f83\u652f\u6301Arianism\uff0c\u76f4\u5230Theodosius\u5b8c\u5168\u652f\u6301Catholics\u3002\u4ece\u6b64Catholics\u5b8c\u5168\u80dc\u5229\u4e86\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u4e5f\u52a0\u901f\u4e86\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u4e1c\u90e8\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u4e09\u4f4d\u535a\u58eb Three Doctors of the Church<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Saint Ambrose: \u662f\u5389\u5bb3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6
          \nSaint Jerome: \u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u50e7\u4fa3\u5236\u5ea6
          \nSaint Augustine: \u795e\u5b66\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66<\/p>\n

          Saint Ambrose\u00a0<\/span>
          \nSaint Ambrose\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u548c\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e66\u4fe1\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6bd4\u7687\u5e1d\u8fd8\u9ad8\uff0c\u8d77\u7801\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002
          \n\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72b6\u51b5\u662f\uff1a\u77ed\u89c6\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8c0b\u5229\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u800c\u6559\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u80fd\u529b\u5f3a\u3001\u613f\u610f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u800c\u727a\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd8\u5e26\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u72c2\u70ed\u548c\u8ff7\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u80dc\u4e8e\u653f\u6743\u3002
          \n> Statue of Victory in Rome
          \n\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5851\u50cf\u8c61\u5f81\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002St Ambrose\u53cd\u5bf9\u5851\u50cf\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u8d35\u65cf\u652f\u6301\u5efa\u7acb\u5851\u50cf\u3002St Ambrose\u8d62\u4e86\u3002
          \n> \u628a\u4e00\u5ea7\u6559\u5802\u8ba9\u7ed9Arians
          \n\u6267\u653f\u7687\u540e\u662fArian\uff0c\u4f46\u662fSt Ambrose\u662fCatholic\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u662fAmbrose\u5229\u7528\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5728\u559d\u7687\u540e\u7684\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4e2d\u80dc\u5229\u4e86\u3002
          \n> \u5927\u5c60\u6740
          \n\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u5b88\u536b\u961f\u957f\u88ab\u6740\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u4e00\u6012\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5c60\u6740\u3002St Ambrose\u5199\u4fe1\u8c34\u8d23\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u5f53\u4f17\u5fcf\u6094\u3002<\/p>\n

          Saint Jerome\u00a0<\/span>
          \nSaint Jerome\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e86\u5723\u7ecf\u3002\u4ed6\u4ece\u5e0c\u4f2f\u6765\u8bed\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u963b\u788d\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u7531\u4e8eSaint Ambrose\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d41\u4f20\u7684\u5723\u7ecf\u3002
          \nJerome\u672c\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u548c\u4eba\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u4e8b\u8ff9\u3002
          \n\u4e0eAmbrose\u548c\u7687\u5e1d\u5199\u4fe1\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4e66\u4fe1\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5199\u7ed9\u8d35\u65cf\u5973\u58eb\u7684\uff0c\u7ed9\u5979\u4eec\u5efa\u8bae\u6765\u4fdd\u6301\u8d1e\u8282\uff08\u4fdd\u6301virginity\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u5f88\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u628a\u4fee\u5973\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u65b0\u5a18\u3002
          \n\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5fcf\u6094\u8bf4\u4e0d\u8be5\u770b\u897f\u585e\u7f57\u7684\u620f\u5267\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u5bf9\u7f57\u9a6c\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8870\u843d\u7684\u54c0\u4f24\u975e\u5e38\u52a8\u60c5\u3002
          \n\u7f57\u7d20\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6709\u70b9\u8bbd\u523a\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u770b\u5230\u6587\u660e\u8870\u843d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8fc7\u600e\u6837\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53ea\u60f3\u5230\u600e\u6837\u7ed9\u5973\u58eb\u5efa\u8bae\u4fdd\u6301\u8d1e\u8282\u3002\u6211\u4ece\u7f57\u7d20\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\u611f\u89c9\u4ed6\u5c31\u662f\u4e2a\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u8ff7\u4fe1\u62f4\u4f4f\u7684\u6587\u827a\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

          Saint Augustine\u00a0<\/span>
          \nSaint Augustine\u662f\u4e09\u4eba\u4e2d\u6700\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u4f1a\u4e13\u95e8\u8bb2\u4ed6\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u91cc\u8bb2\u4e86\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u3002
          \n\u4ed6\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u300a\u5fcf\u6094\u5f55\u300b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u8ba9\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5fcf\u6094\u5c0f\u7537\u5b69\u65f6\u671f\u5077\u90bb\u5c45\u7684\u68a8\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6ca1\u5fc5\u8981\u90a3\u6837\u5fcf\u6094\u3002
          \n\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u91cc\u7684\u539f\u7f6a\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u3002
          \nSin\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u5386\u7ee7\u627f\u6765\u7684\u3002\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u91cc\uff0c\u539f\u7f6a\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u91cc\uff0c\u539f\u7f6a\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u524d\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u6ca1\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u800c\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u7f6a\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u53cd\u7701\u3002
          \nSaint Augustine\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6bcd\u4eb2Saint Monica\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u600e\u6837\u600e\u6837\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u8d77\u5148\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7688\u4f9d\u6559\u4f1a\u3002\u4ed6\u6709\u4e2a\u957f\u671f\u7684\u60c5\u4eba\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4e3a\u4e86\u8d70\u56de\u6b63\u9014\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u8ba2\u5a5a\u3002\u7136\u540e\u53c8\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5a5a\u7ea6\uff0c\u7531Saint Ambrose\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u4ed6\u63a8\u5d07\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\uff0c\u628a\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684Logos\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u795e\u5b66 Saint Augustine’s Philosophy and Theology<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Saint Augustine\u662f\u4e2a\u4ea7\u51fa\u5f88\u591a\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u8981\u5168\u90e8\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5f88\u96be\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u9009\u53d6\u4e86\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3aSaint Augustine\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bb2\uff1a
            \n1. Pure Philosophy
            \n2. City of God
            \n3. Pelagian Controversy<\/p>\n

            Pure Philosophy\u00a0<\/span>
            \n\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5e38\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u601d\u7d22\u7528Scripture\u6765\u6838\u5bf9\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8ba4\u4e3aSaint Augustine\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u3002
            \nSaint Augustine\u7684The Confession\u662f\u4ed6\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u51fa\u7248\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u4f1a\u7701\u7565\u7b2c11\u7ae0\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u7b14\u8bb0\u67af\u71e5\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u67af\u71e5\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u597d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u8981\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u4e16\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u65e9\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u5728Saint Augustine\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u8fc7\u521b\u4e16\u662f\u4ece\u65e0\u5230\u6709\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u7269\u8d28\u4e0d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u5728\u540e\u6765\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65f6\u4ee3\u91cc\uff0c\u2019\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5efa\u9020\u8005\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u521b\u9020\u8005\u2019\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u5076\u5c14\u91cd\u65b0\u6d41\u884c\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4Pantheism\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\u3002\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u90fd\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u53c8\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6709\u8fdd\u3002\u5176\u5b9ePantheism\u53ea\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u60f3\u8c61\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u90a3\u6837\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u3002Saint Augustine\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u4e0a\u5e1d\u6ca1\u6709\u66f4\u65e9\u521b\u4e16\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u2019\u66f4\u65e9\u2019\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff1b\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u671f\u5f85\u3002\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u671f\u5f85\u90fd\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\uff08\u6211\u8fd8\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u548c\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u7f57\u7d20\u4f1a\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u56de\u53bb\u8bfb\u4e00\u904d\u90a3\u4e00\u7ae0\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

            \u7f57\u7d20\u8fd8\u63d0\u5230\uff0cSt. Augustine\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6c42\u544a\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u77e5\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8bf4\u8d5e\u540c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e2a\u5389\u5bb3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u552f\u5fc3\u8bba\u662f\u5f88\u591a\u540e\u6765\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u7136\u540e\u8fd8\u5f15\u7528\u4e86Saint Augustine\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u7684\u2018\u6211\u601d\u6545\u6211\u5728\u2019\u3002<\/p>\n

            The City of God\u00a0<\/span>
            \nThe City of God\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002\u516c\u5143410\u5e74\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u88ab\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u653b\u4e0b\u3002\u975e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u707e\u96be\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4fe1Jupiter\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u76db\u884c\u3002City of God\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\u800c\u5199\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u3002\u4ecb\u7ecd\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u7ec6\u8282\u800c\u4e0d\u5e2e\u8bfb\u8005\u7ed9\u51fa\u6982\u8981\uff0c\u90a3\u4f1a\u4f7f\u8bfb\u8005\u4f4e\u4f30\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u8bf4\u6982\u8981\u800c\u4e0d\u63d0\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u90a3\u53c8\u4f1a\u7ed9\u4eba\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66deserve\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u8981\u8bb2\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n

            \u7ec6\u8282\uff1a
            \n\uff08\u90fd\u662f\u633a\u72ed\u9698\u65e0\u804a\u7684\uff09
            \n\uff0d\u57ce\u5e02\u88ab\u653b\u5360\u7684\u60b2\u5267\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e4b\u524d\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u66f4\u60e8\u3002\u653b\u5360\u7f57\u9a6c\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5f88\u591a\u5e02\u6c11\u8dd1\u9053\u6559\u5802\u907f\u96be\u800c\u5e78\u514d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u4e5f\u5c0a\u91cd\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7279\u6d1b\u4f0a\u6218\u4e89\u91cc\uff0c\u8eb2\u5230Juno\u2019s Temple\u7684\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u5e78\u514d\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u54e5\u7279\u4eba\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u9ad8\u5174\u5f97\u592a\u65e9\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f1a\u6709last judgement\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6240\u6709\u7684judgement\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u73b0\u4e16\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48last judgement\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7528\u5462\uff1f
            \n\uff0d\u90a3\u4e48\u88ab\u5f3a\u5978\u7684\u5904\u5973\u5462\uff1fSaint Augustine\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4f60\u5185\u5fc3\u8d1e\u6d01\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u73b7\u6c61\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u6740\u6c38\u8fdc\u662f\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u5f3a\u5978\u800c\u81ea\u6740\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u3002\u3002\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u5f02\u6559\u7684\u795e\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u7684\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u4eba\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f24\u5bb3\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u91cc\u7981\u6b62\u8bd7\u4eba\u662f\u9ad8\u660e\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u5360\u661f\u672f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u7684
            \n\uff0d\u8bf4virtue\u5728\u73b0\u4e16\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u75db\u82e6\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u662f\u6700\u597d\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u7684\u975e\u7269\u8d28\uff09\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u6b21\u4e4b\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u65af\u591a\u845b\u6d3e\u7684\u7981\u6b62passion\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684passion\u662fvirtue\u3002
            \n\uff0dCity of God\u662fsociety of the elect. \u4eba\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7763\u6765\u4e86\u89e3\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7reason\u6765\u5f97\u5230\uff08\u8fd9\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8b\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u8bfbScriptures\u6765\u5f97\u5230\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u95ee\u521b\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u662f\u600e\u4e48\u56de\u4e8b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u521b\u4e16\u4e4b\u524d\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u4e9a\u5f53\u5403\u82f9\u679c\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6148\u60b2\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u6551\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u6027\u662f\u90aa\u6076\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5a5a\u5185\u7684\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u53d7\u7406\u667a\u63a7\u5236\u3002
            \n\uff0dSacred and profane history\uff0d\u4e0d\u592a\u61c2
            \n\uff0dresurrection\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\uff1a\u4eba\u6b7b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u91cd\u751f\uff0c\u548clast judgement\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u91cd\u751f\u3002\u5230\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u91cf\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u2026.\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5f88\u591a\u7ec6\u8282
            \n\u4e66\u7684\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5Saint Augustine\u5bf9City of God\u91cc\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u6b22\u4e50\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u800c\u7ed3\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u610f\u4e49\uff1a
            \n\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u603b\u7ed3\u4e5f\u8bb8\u65e0\u6cd5\u770b\u51fa\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86Church\u548cState\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u800csecular\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c48\u670d\u4e8echurch\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3acity of God\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5728\u897f\u6b27\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f31\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c2\u70b9\u80fd\u76db\u884c\uff1b\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f3a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6ca1\u6709\u76db\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u540e\u6765\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86Saint Augustine\u7684\u6551\u8d4e\u8bba\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u9700\u8981\u7531\u6559\u4f1a\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff1b\u6842\u683c\u6559\u6d3e\u6448\u5f03\u4e86\u2018\u53ea\u6709\u6d17\u793c\u624d\u80fd\u83b7\u6551\u2019\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u2019\u6700\u7ec8\u5f52\u5bbf\u2019\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8fd8\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\u81eaSaint Augustine\u3002<\/p>\n

            City of God\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u62c6\u5206\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u521b\u3002
            \n\uff0d\u6559\u4f1a\u653f\u6743\u7684idea\u6765\u81ea\u72b9\u592a
            \n\uff0dpredestination\u6765\u81ea\u5723\u4fdd\u7f57\uff0c\u867d\u7136Saint Augustine\u5199\u5f97\u66f4\u597d
            \n\uff0dSacred \/ profane history\u5219\u662f\u7167\u642c\u65e7\u7ea6\u3002
            \nSaint Augustine\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u96c6\u5927\u6210\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4ed6\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff1a\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u3002\u4f7f\u5f97\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ba9\u4eba\u62c5\u5fc3\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u800c\u4e27\u5931\u6c11\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u6765adapt\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u53d7\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u3002Saint Augustine\u62ff\u6765\u7528\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0a\u3002\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e5f\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\uff1a
            \n\u8036\u548c\u534e\uff1d\u8fa9\u8bc1\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u4e49
            \n\u6551\u4e16\u4e3b\uff1d\u9a6c\u514b\u601d
            \n\u9009\u6c11\uff1d\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7
            \n\u6559\u4f1a\uff1d\u5171\u4ea7\u515a
            \n\u91cd\u751f\uff1d\u9769\u547d
            \n\u5730\u72f1\uff1d\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a
            \nthe Millennium\uff1d\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7commonwealth
            \n\u8981\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bcd\u5178\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

            The Pelagic Controversy\u00a0<\/span>
            \nPelagian\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5a01\u5c14\u58eb\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u5f20\u4eba\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3avirtual\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u6700\u7ec8\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0a\u5929\u5802\u7684\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5f00\u660e\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f53\u65f6\u5f88\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u73b0\u5728\u770b\u6765\u5f88\u666e\u901a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5728Saint Augustine\u7684\u6781\u529b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5728concil of Orange\u4e0a\u88ab\u9009\u79f0\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n

            Saint Augustine\u4f1a\u5982\u6b64\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u539f\u7f6a\u611f\u3002\u4ed6\u771f\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u521d\u751f\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u7f6a\u6076\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u60e9\u7f5a\u4f60\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u516c\u6b63\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u613f\u610f\u6551\u8d4e\u4f60\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6148\u60b2\u3002\u4ed6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u89c9\u5f97\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u4f1a\u4e0b\u5730\u72f1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

            Saint Augustine\u6700\u5927\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\uff0c\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u4e9a\u5f53\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7f6a\u6076\u4e5f\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8eab\u4f53\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u7f6a\u6076\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u4ed6\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

            \u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6765\u4e34\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5173\u5fc3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u5173\u5fc3\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u8d1e\u6d01\u548c\u5a74\u513f\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u6d17\u793c\u3002\u65e0\u602a\u4e4e\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u8ff7\u4fe1\u548c\u6b8b\u5fcd\u3002<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u516c\u5143\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\u548c\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa The Fifth and Sixth Centuries<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u516c\u5143\u4e94\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6559\u4f1a\u5185\u7684\u7ea0\u7eb7\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u201c\u9053\u6210\u8089\u8eab\u201d\uff0c\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u548c\u795e\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u4f4d\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\uff1a\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u91cc\u4e9a\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u8d5b\u745e\u5229\uff08Cyril\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u541b\u58eb\u5766\u4e01\u5821\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u5948\u65af\u8131\u6d41\u65af\uff08Nestorius\uff09<\/span>\u3002\u8d5b\u745e\u5229\u4e3b\u5f20\u795e\u4eba\u4e00\u4f53\u8bba\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u4eec\u7684\u8d5e\u540c\uff1b\u5948\u65af\u8131\u6d41\u65af\u57fa\u7763\u5206\u522b\u6709\u795e\u4f4d\u548c\u4eba\u4f4d\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u82cf\u4f0a\u58eb\u4ee5\u4e1c\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u4eec\u8d5e\u540c\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u8bc4\u5224\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u4eec\u65e9\u5230\u5e76\u5173\u6389\u5927\u95e8\u4e0d\u8ba9\u540e\u9762\u7684\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u62e5\u62a4\u8d5b\u745e\u5229\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u5948\u65af\u8131\u6d41\u65af\u88ab\u5224\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\u3002\u5948\u65af\u8131\u6d41\u65af\u6559\u6d3e\u4e5f\u81ea\u6b64\u521b\u59cb\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u5510\u671d\u65f6\u5019\u8fdb\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u53eb\u505a\u666f\u6559\u3002\u8d5b\u745e\u5229\u6b7b\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u6559\u4f1a\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3b\u5f20\u57fa\u7763\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4e5f\u88ab\u5224\u4e3a\u5f02\u7aef\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u516c\u5143\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6709\u56db\u4f4d\u663e\u8981\u4eba\u7269\uff1a\u9c8d\u4f9d\u4fee\u65af\uff08Boethius\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\uff08Justinian\uff09<\/span>\u3001\u8fb9\u5948\u72c4\u514b\u7279\uff08Benedict\uff09<\/span>\u548c\u5927\u683c\u96f7\u9ad8\u91cc\uff08Gregory the Great\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u9c8d\u4f9d\u4fee\u65af\u662f\u610f\u5927\u5229\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u81e3\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7528\u8bd7\u548c\u6563\u6587\u4ea4\u66ff\u5199\u6210\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u6170\u501f\u300b\u5374\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u4ed6\u66f4\u53d7\u5230\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u67e5\u58eb\u4e01\u5c3c\u662f\u8feb\u5bb3\u9c8d\u4f9d\u4fee\u65af\u81f4\u6b7b\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u7684\u540e\u4e00\u4efb\u3002\u4ed6\u76f8\u5f53\u5730\u8654\u8bda\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u767b\u57fa\u540e\u4fbf\u628a\u96c5\u5178\u5730\u54f2\u5b66\u5b66\u6821\u90fd\u5c01\u95ed\u4e86\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u957f\u8fbe\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u4e3a\u4e86\u6536\u590d\u897f\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7586\u57df\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n

                \n
              • \u5723\u8fb9\u5948\u72c4\u514b\u7279\u4e0e\u5927\u683c\u96f7\u9ad8\u91cc Saint Benedict and Gregory the Great<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u672c\u7ae0\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5728\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1a
                \n1. \u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd0\u52a8
                \n2. \u6559\u7687\u5f71\u54cd\u6269\u5927
                \n3. \u5411\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u4f20\u6559
                \n\u8fd9\u4e09\u5927\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u5723\u672c\u7b03\uff08Saint Benedict\uff09\u548c\u6559\u7687\u683c\u5229\u9ad8\u91cc\u4e00\u4e16\uff08Gregory the Great\uff09\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

                Saint Benedict\u00a0<\/span>
                \n1. \u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6<\/p>\n

                \u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u59cb\u4e8e\u56db\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u548c\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u7531Pachomius\u4e0e\u516c\u5143315-320\u5de6\u53f3\u5efa\u7acb\u3002
                \n\u5bf9\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\u662fSaint Benedict\u3002\u4ed6\u751f\u4e8e\u516c\u5143480\u5e74\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d35\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u91cc\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u5c81\u65f6\u8ffd\u968f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u53ec\u5524\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u5962\u534e\u4e0e\u4eab\u4e50\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u9690\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u7ecf\u53d7\u4e86\u8bf8\u591a\u8003\u9a8c\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143520\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684Monte Cassino\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u7b03\u4f1a\uff08Benedictine rule\uff09\u6210\u4e3a\u4e4b\u540e\u897f\u65b9\u6240\u6709\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u53ca\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u4fee\u9053\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n

                Gregory the Great\u00a0<\/span>
                \n2. \u6559\u7687\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n

                Gregory\u5728540\u5e74\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u8d35\u65cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u7236\u4e5f\u662f\u6559\u7687\u3002\u516c\u5143573\u5e74\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u603b\u7763\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4ed6\u653e\u5f03\u516c\u804c\u548c\u5bb6\u8d22\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u672c\u7b03\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e590\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u7687\u3002
                \n\u4ed6\u7ee7\u4efb\u6559\u7687\u65f6\u6b63\u5904\u52a8\u4e71\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4ee5\u8001\u8fa3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u624b\u6bb5\u6269\u5927\u4e86\u6559\u5ef7\u7684\u52bf\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u5404\u4e3b\u6559\u548c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eec\uff0c\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u7b26\u6559\u89c4\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u7ed9\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u5199\u4fe1\u65f6\u7684\u8bed\u6c14\u5374\u606d\u656c\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u7be1\u6743\u8005Phocas\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n

                3. \u5411\u5f02\u6559\u5f92\u4f20\u6559
                \nGregory\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u7687\u540e\u7279\u6d3eSaint Augustine\u53bb\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u4f20\u6559\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b89\u683c\u9c81\u8428\u514b\u900a\u4eba\u6539\u4fe1\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                A History of Western Philosophy \u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2 Bertrand Russell \u7f57\u7d20 9787100059954 \u5377\u4e8c\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u76ee\u53eb\u300a\u6559\u7236\u300b\uff0c\u8bb2\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u5143\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u53ca\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7ee7\u7eed\u7167\u642cminutes\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[439],"class_list":["post-2032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yesha","tag-bertrand-russell"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2032"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2032\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}