{"id":1786,"date":"2014-05-03T23:10:46","date_gmt":"2014-05-03T15:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=1786"},"modified":"2014-05-03T23:10:46","modified_gmt":"2014-05-03T15:10:46","slug":"%e8%a5%bf%e6%96%b9%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e5%8f%b2%ef%bc%9a%e8%8b%8f%e6%a0%bc%e6%8b%89%e5%ba%95%e3%80%81%e6%9f%8f%e6%8b%89%e5%9b%be%e3%80%81%e4%ba%9a%e9%87%8c%e5%a3%ab%e5%a4%9a%e5%be%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/?p=1786","title":{"rendered":"\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\uff1a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7"},"content":{"rendered":"<table style=\"color: #000000;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a style=\"color: #555555;\" href=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/HoWP.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-1691\" src=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/HoWP.jpg\" alt=\"HoWP\" width=\"260\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/HoWP.jpg 260w, https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/02\/HoWP-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><em>A History of Western Philosophy<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Bertrand Russell<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u7f57\u7d20<\/em><br \/>\n<em>9787100059954<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\">\u5377\u4e00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u4ee5\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u89d2\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u8981\u6284\u88adKate\u5199\u7684minutes\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5c11\u91cf\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95 Socrates<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\">\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1a\u4ed6\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u662f\u516c\u5143\u524d399\u5e74\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u5199\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u5f97\u77e5\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b66\u751f\u662fXenophon\u548cPlato\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe9\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u610f\u89c1\u76f8\u5de6\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3aXenophon\u4e0d\u806a\u660e\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7f16\u9020\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u8bf4\u5f88\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u3002\u7b28\u4eba\u8f6c\u8ff0\u806a\u660e\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4f1a\u52a0\u4ee5\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u90a3\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u806a\u660e\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6253\u4e86\u6298\u6263\u3002 \u4f46Xenophon\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u90fd\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u53bb\u505a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u4ed6\u4f1a\u95ee\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6211\u8981\u4fee\u978b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u8be5\u627e\u8c01\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u4fee\u978b\u5320\u3002\u95ee\u4e86\u4e00\u904d\u522b\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u50cf\u9020\u8239\u4eba\uff0c\u6728\u5de5\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4ed6\u4f1a\u95ee\uff0cwho should mend the ship of the state\u3002\u4ed6\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8fd9\u6837\u662f\u5728\u8d28\u7591\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u5f97\u7f6a\u4e86\u6743\u8d35\uff0c\u5f53\u4e86\u88ab\u544a\uff0cpropose\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u6743\u8d35\u662f\u4ee5\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u56e0\u8d77\u8bc9\u4ed6\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u70b9\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u4e0d\u662f\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u6309\u7167\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0d\u5fae\u91cd\u4e00\u4e9b\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5f53\u5c40\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u662f\u4e09\u5341\u5757\u94b1\u3002\u6743\u8d35\u88ab\u60f9\u6012\u4e86\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u5904\u4ee5\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u9884\u89c1\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u901a\u8fc7\u627f\u8ba4\u9519\u8bef\u6765\u8eb2\u907f\u5211\u7f5a\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\">\u8fd9\u91cc\u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002 \u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4eba\u5728\u8d77\u8bc9\u4ed6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u662f\u6b63\u662f\u8d77\u8bc9\u4ed6\u7684\u6743\u8d35\u4eec\uff0c\u7f6a\u540d\u662f\u4e0d\u4fe1\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u4e0d\u656c\u795e\uff0c\u6bd2\u5bb3\u9752\u5e74\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u662f\uff1a\u4f60\u4eec\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8d77\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u611a\u8822\uff0c\u5f97\u7f6a\u4e86\u4f60\u4eec\u3002 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u4eba\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u7fa4\u4f17\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u5f0f\u8d77\u8bc9\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7fa4\u4f17\u4eec\u76f8\u4f20\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5f88\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4ed6\u6709\u654c\u5bf9\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5f3a\u8c03\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u667a\u6167\u4ec5\u5728\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u6bd4\u522b\u4eba\u66f4\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5c40\u9650\u6027\u3002\u201c\u6211\u201d\u7684\u786e\u6bd4\u4f60\u4eec\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u90aa\u6076\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u636e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684Apology\u6765\u7684\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u6587\u5b66\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u5e26\u6709\u4e86\u7591\u95ee\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7Apology\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6700\u5199\u5b9e\u7684\u4e86\u3002 Apology\u4e4b\u540e\u5c31\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u5e26\u6709\u5b97\u6559\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u6b63\u50cf\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u70c8\u58eb\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u800c\u4e0d\u754f\u60e7\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u62c5\u5fc3\u53d7\u5230\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u800c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u6ca1\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bb3\u6015\u3002<\/p>\n<p style=\"color: #000000;\">\u6240\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u957f\u5f97\u4e11\u964b\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u7a7f\u7b80\u964b\u7684\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u5149\u7740\u811a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u8eab\u4f53\u75db\u82e6\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\u3002\u4e0d\u6015\u70ed\u4e0d\u6015\u51b7\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e3a\u4e86\u60f3\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5446\u7ad9\u7740\u5f88\u4e45\u3002\u4ed6\u662fOrphic Saint\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u8fd9\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684Stoics\u548cCynics\u3002\u4ed6\u601d\u8003\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0cknowledge\u548cvirtue\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u7ec3\u4e60\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u77e5\u9053\u66f4\u591a\u7684knowledge\u6765\u53d8\u5f97virtue\u3002\u800c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8fc7\u5206\u5f3a\u8c03virtue\uff0c\u538b\u6291knowledge\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u89c9\u5f97\u5728\u7eaf\u6734\u6ca1\u6709knowledge\u7684\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0virtue\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u6700\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\u770b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u88ab\u63a7\u544a\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7f18\u7531\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u79cd\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u90a3\u4e9b\u63a7\u544a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u51a0\u5195\u5802\u7687\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u90a3\u4e9b\u63a7\u544a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u91cc\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5199\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4e66\u91cc\u53ea\u5199\u4e86\u7f57\u7d20\u603b\u7ed3\u7684\u4ece\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u63e3\u5219\u548c\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u88ab\u63a7\u544a\u7684\u7f18\u7531\u3002\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u628a\u63a7\u544a\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53bb\u53cd\u9a73\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u4eba\u3002\u5355\u770b\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u4e4b\u8f9e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u597d\u50cf\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8bf4\u7684\u901a\uff0c\u90a3\u65e2\u7136\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u8bf4\u7684\u901a\uff0c\u90a3\u600e\u4e48\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6709\u8bf4\u4e0d\u901a\uff08\u4ed6\u88ab\u5224\u6709\u7f6a\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u53d1\u751f\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u603b\u89c9\u5f97\uff0c\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u70b9\u9664\u4e86\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u81ea\u5df1\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u770b\u660e\u767d\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd The Influence of Sparta<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u662fmystical\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u540e\u4e16\u5f71\u54cd\u6709\u5c3c\u91c7\uff0c\u5362\u68ad\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709national socialism\u3002 \u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\uff0c\u662fLaconia \/ Lacedaemon\u7684\u9996\u90fd\u3002\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005Lycurgus\u3002 \u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a \u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u56fd\u738b\u3002 \u6709Council of Elders\uff08\u56fd\u738b\u662f\u6210\u5458\uff09\uff0c\u753130\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc760\u5c81\uff0c\u7531\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u9009\u51fa\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u505a\u72af\u7f6a\u88c1\u51b3\u3002 \u6709\u4e00\u4e2aAssembly\uff0c\u7531\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u5426\u51b3\u63d0\u6848\u3002 \u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u6709the five ephors\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u4e2d\u62bd\u7b7e\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d1f\u8d23\u5ba1\u67e5\u56fd\u738b\u3002 \u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u628a\u5360\u9886\u5730\u533a\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u53d8\u4e3a\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u8015\u79cd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5219\u4ece\u4e8b\u519b\u4e8b\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u516c\u6c11\u8d22\u4ea7\u90fd\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u5206\u914d\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5b69\u5b50\u751f\u4e0b\u6765\u540e\uff0c\u8981\u88ab\u9274\u5b9a\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\uff0c\u4e0d\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u4f1a\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u7537\u5b69\u548c\u5973\u5b69\u90fd\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u519b\u8bad\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u653f\u7b56\u9f13\u52b1\u751f\u80b2\uff0c\u4e0d\u6000\u5b55\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u627e\u522b\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u751f\u5b69\u5b50\u3002\u751f\u5b69\u5b50\u591a\u7684\u7236\u4eb2\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5956\u52b1\u3002\u5973\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u8fc7\u591a\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u662f\u5bf9\u61e6\u592b\u7684\u9119\u89c6\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e2a\u61e6\u592b\u662f\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5468\u56f4\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u7fa1\u6155\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u5927\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ed6\u4eec\u793e\u4f1a\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8c61\u522b\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\u6709\u9769\u547d\u3002\u8fd8\u6709\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ece\u522b\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6765\u5230\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4f1a\u89c9\u5f97\u90a3\u8fb9\u6c11\u98ce\u6df3\u6734\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4eba\u4eba\u8eab\u5f3a\u529b\u58ee\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u53e4\u4ee3\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0cLycurgus\u548c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8bbe\u60f3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u71c3\u8d77\u4e86\u89c4\u8303\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u96c4\u5fc3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u8fd1\u4e4e\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u90a3\u4e48\u7f8e\u597d\u3002Herodotus\u8bf4\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u8d3f\uff08\u867d\u7136\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u8d22\u4ea7\u89c2\u5ff5\uff09\uff1b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5973\u4eba\u5f88\u6709\u8282\u64cd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u738b\u7531\u4e8e\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e0d\u662f\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u513f\u5b50\u800c\u88ab\u5e9f\u9edc\uff1b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u90fd\u5f88\u7231\u56fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56fd\u738bPausanias\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e86\u53db\u5f92\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u771f\u7684\u5c31\u662fwenge\u6216\u8005\u671d\u9c9c\u554a\u3002\u7f57\u7d20\u53e3\u53e3\u58f0\u58f0\u8bf4\u8fd9\u662f\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u660e\u767d\u4e86\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\uff09 \u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u5bf9\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u4ec0\u4e48\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u4e5f\u5f88\u72ed\u9698\u3002\u96c5\u5178\u66fe\u7ecf\u4fdd\u536b\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u8d76\u8d70\u6ce2\u65af\u4eba\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u867d\u7136\u519b\u4e8b\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u53c2\u4e0e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ea\u4fdd\u5b88\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5730\u76d8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6210\u89c1\u3002\u4ed6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u522b\u4eba\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u7b80\u76f4\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u662f\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u5de8\u5927\u51fa\u5165\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u89c1\u89e3\u7684\u6765\u6e90 The Sources of Plato&#8217;s Opinions<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u6bd4\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8fd8\u8981\u5927\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u8fd9\u51e0\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u3001\u7406\u5ff5\u8bba\u3001\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u8d77\u6e90\u8bba\u548c\u628a\u77e5\u8bc6\u770b\u6210\u56de\u5fc6\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u51fa\u8eab\u8d35\u65cf\u3002\u96c5\u5178\u5728Peloponnesian\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6253\u8d25\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u662f\u4e2a\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u662f\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u5bf9\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u65e0\u6bd4\u656c\u7231\u3002\u800c\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u662f\u88ab\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5904\u6b7b\u7684\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u7684\u6b7b\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6218\u8d25\u90fd\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4f1a\u8d5e\u7f8e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u662f\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u5927\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u771f\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u79f0\u8d5e\u4ed6\u3002\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u662f\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7eaf\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u51e0\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<ul>\n<li>Pythagoras\uff1a\u4ece\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u795e\u79d8\/\u5b97\u6559\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u3002\u540c\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c38\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u628a\u667a\u6167\/\u667a\u529b\u548c\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Parmenides\uff1a\u4eceParmenides\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c38\u6052\u3002\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ea\u662f\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u60f3\u662f\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Heraclitus\uff1a\u4eceHeraclitus\u7684\u6d41\u53d8\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5f7c\u5cb8\u82b1\u7684\u3002\u7ed3\u5408Parmenides\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u611f\u89c9\u6216\u89c2\u5bdf\u5f97\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7531\u601d\u8fa8\u5f97\u6765\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Socrates\uff1a\u4ece\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u559c\u6b22\u7814\u7a76\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\uff0c\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5bfc\u5411\u6781\u6743\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u7684\u5462\uff1f \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bfc\u81f4\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u679c\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u8fdb\u884cmoral\u548cintellectual\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u9700\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8bad\u7ec3\u624d\u80fd\u505a\u597d\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u5be1\u5934\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0cleisure\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5bfb\u6c42\u667a\u6167\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u53c8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d35\u65cf\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u540e\u7f57\u7d20\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\uff0c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e3a\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1f\u4e8c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6709\u667a\u6167\u7684\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6743\u529b\uff1f<br \/>\n\u9996\u5148\u5173\u4e8e\u667a\u6167\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u6307\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u519b\u4e8b\u6218\u672f\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002Plato\u53ef\u80fd\u89c9\u5f97\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709knowledge of the good\u3002\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636e\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u8bf4\u7684\uff1ano man sins wittingly\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u9053\u4ec0\u4e48\u662fgood\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e86\u3002No man sins 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The Theory of Ideas<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e48\u51e0\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0f\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u7406\u5ff5\uff0f\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8d85\u611f\u89c9\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff0f\u610f\u89c1\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u6240\u63a5\u89e6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u5230\u201c\u732b\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u732b\u201d\u7684\u201c\u7406\u5ff5\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u732b\u7684\u6240\u5171\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u53ea\u6216\u90a3\u53ea\u6216\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u53ea\u732b\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e14\u6c38\u6052\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7406\u5ff5\u662f\u795e\u521b\u9020\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5df4\u95e8\u5c3c\u5fb7\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u591a\u6761\u96be\u70b9\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7f57\u7d20\u53c8\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u51e0\u6761\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u201c\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u771f\u7406\u201d\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u6211\u4ee5\u524d\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u5728\u8bfb\u5b8cGEB\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u89c9\u5f97\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u8fd8\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u653e\u4e4b\u56db\u6d77\u7686\u51c6\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5dee\u522b\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bb9\u6613\u627e\u5230\u9a73\u5012\u5ba2\u89c2\u771f\u5047\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u800c\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u9a73\u5012\u5176\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u6211\u8fd8\u60f3\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8bd5\u95ee\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff1f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bcd\u8bed\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u660e\uff1f\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u672a\u5fc5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6e05\u6e05\u695a\u695a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0b\u6765\u5e76\u4e14\u5927\u5bb6\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u7684\u8bdd\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u5bf9\u6211\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u6761\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u60f3\u8981\u505a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7c7b\u6bd4\uff0c\u6570\u5b66\u662f\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u7b97\u7684mechanism\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0e\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e5f\u662f\u7269\u7406\u7684mechanism\u5462\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6ca1\u9053\u7406\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u811a\u5417\uff1f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u5c31\u7b97\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7c7b\u6bd4\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u811a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u7528\u54e5\u5fb7\u5c14\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u5b9a\u4e49\u518d\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u5931\u7f3a\u7684\u516c\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u6dfb\u52a0\u8fdb\u5165\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u8981\u4e48\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5907\u8981\u4e48\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u4e0d\u673d\u8bba Plato&#8217;s Theory of Immortality<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\uff0c\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5723\u4eba\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u6b7b\u4e4b\u4e8epagan\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u6b7b\u4e4b\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f88\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4e5f\u628a\u4ed6\u770b\u505a\u662f\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u727a\u7272\u3002 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u771f\u7406\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u601d\u60f3\u7684\uff08\u201c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u201d\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4fd7\u4e16\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7f81\u7eca\u3002\u6b7b\u540e\u89c1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u662f\u83b7\u5f97\u771f\u77e5\u7684\u6700\u5f7b\u5e95\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5f88\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5728\u6bd5\u8fbe\u54e5\u62c9\u65af\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\uff0c\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u628a\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u63d0\u5f97\u5f88\u9ad8\u3002\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4ed6\u592a\u8d2c\u4f4eempirical\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e86\u3002 \u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7075\u9b42\u4e0d\u673d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u636e\u662f\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u662f\u524d\u4e16\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5b66\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u524d\u4e16\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u751f\u6210\u8bba Plato&#8217;s Cosmogony<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u4e91\u3002\u3002\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u53ea\u6709\u4e94\u79cd\u6b63\u591a\u9762\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002\u3002\uff08\uff1f\uff09\u4e0a\u5e1d\u521b\u9020\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u3002\u3002\uff08\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ea\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5e73\u9762\u5f62\u72b6\uff1a\u7b49\u8170\u76f4\u89d2\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff0c\u548c\u6b63\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u90a3\u79cd\u76f4\u89d2\u4e09\u89d2\u5f62\uff09<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u77e5\u89c9 Knowledge and Perception in Plato<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u7406\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a 1\uff09Knowledge is perception\uff1b2\uff09Man is the measure of all things\uff1b3\uff09Everything is in a state of flux\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5149\u770b\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u4e86\u89e3\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u79cd\u60f3\u6cd5\u5f88\u72ec\u7279\uff0c\u5f88\u5177\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u6027\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6211\u60f3\u4e86\u89e3\u66f4\u591a\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u6211\u7a7f\u63d2\u7740\u8bfb\u4e86\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u300a\u6cf0\u963f\u6cf0\u5fb7\u300b\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u8bb2\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u667a\u6167\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u611f\u89c9\u91cc\u9762\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u548c\u610f\u56fe\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u600e\u4e48\u575a\u5b9a\uff0c\u6ca1\u770b\u660e\u767d\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66 Aristotle&#8217;s Metaphysics\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u6bd4\u8f83\u91cd\u70b9\u7684\u662f\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5171\u76f8\u8bba\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8d28\u6599\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5171\u76f8\u8bba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u4e1c\u897f\u5206\u6210\u201c\u5b9e\u4f53\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5171\u76f8\u201d\u3002\u5b9e\u4f53\u662f\u7528\u4e13\u540d\u8bcd\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u592a\u9633\u3001\u6708\u4eae\uff1b\u5171\u76f8\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f62\u5bb9\u8bcd\u6216\u8005\u7c7b\u540d\u6765\u6307\u4ee3\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4eba\u3002\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08form\uff09\u4e0e\u8d28\u6599\uff08matter\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u51ed\u501f\u7740\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8d28\u6599\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u79cd\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u7136\u540e\u4ed6\u53c8\u8bf4\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u5b9e\u8d28\uff1a\u53ef\u611f\u89c9\u4e14\u53ef\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u611f\u89c9\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\u548c\u65e2\u4e0d\u53ef\u611f\u89c9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bc1\u706d\u7684\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec\u5929\u4f53\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7c7b\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7075\u9b42\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u5173\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6709\u56db\u79cd\uff1a\u8d28\u6599\u56e0\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u56e0\u3001\u52a8\u529b\u56e0\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66 Aristotle&#8217;s Ethics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u7075\u9b42\u5206\u4e3a\u7406\u6027\u548c\u975e\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u53c8\u5206\u4e3a\u751f\u957f\u7684\uff08vegatative\uff09\u548c\u55dc\u6b32\u7684\uff08appetite\uff09\u3002\u5fb7\u884c\u5206\u4e3a\u7406\u667a\uff08\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6559\u5b66\u4e60\u5f97\uff09\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\uff08\u662f\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4e8e\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\uff0c\u5fb7\u884c\u662f\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u662f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5230\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fb7\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66 Aristotle&#8217;s Politics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u5f62\u6001\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u4eba\u7684\u5668\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u90e8\u843d\u7ec4\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4eba\u6027\u662f\u5f88\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u3002 \u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662fgood life\u3002 \u4eba\u662f\u6709\u9ad8\u4f4e\u5c0a\u5351\u533a\u522b\u7684\u3002\u5bb6\u755c\u5728\u6709\u4eba\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6d3b\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u3002 \u7136\u540e\u8bf4\u5230\u4e86trade\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22trade\uff0c\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22capital\u6765\u751f\u94b1\u3002\u4ed6\u8bf4\u9020\u978b\u5b50\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a7f\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5356\u94b1\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u978b\u5320\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5356\u978b\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u662f\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u3002 \u8fd9\u91cc\u7f57\u7d20\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e00\u4e0b\uff1aland owners\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u5411\u522b\u4eba\u501f\u94b1\u7684\u4ebadebtor\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8ba8\u538c\u5229\u606f\uff1b\u800c\u5546\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u653e\u8d37\u7684\u4ebacreditor\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u559c\u6b22\u5229\u606f\u3002\uff08\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u767d\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5730\u4e3b\u9700\u8981\u5411\u522b\u4eba\u501f\u94b1\u3002\uff09\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8ba8\u538c\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u5229\u606f\uff1b\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u4e5f\u662f\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u53cd\u72b9\u592a\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u53cd\u5546\u4e1a\u501f\u8d37\u7684\u65b9\u5411\uff1b\u6559\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u540e\u60c5\u51b5\u53d8\u4e86\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u65b0\u6559\u5f92\u662f\u5546\u4eba\u3002\u8d5e\u6210capital\u7684\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u591a\u4e86\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u3002 \u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8003\u8651\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u6216\u8005\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u597d\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u53d8\u574f\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u66b4\u541b\u5236\u3001\u5be1\u5934\u5236\u548cdemocracy\uff08\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u3002\u3002\u5927\u6982\u662f\u6307\u6df7\u4e71\uff1f)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8c8c\u4f3c\u519c\u5de5\u5546\u90fd\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d5e\u8d4f\u7684\u662fGentlemen\u3002\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u7ec5\u58eb\u3002\u7136\u540e\u7f57\u7d20\u5386\u6570\u4e86\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6709\u95f2\u7ec5\u58eb\u9636\u7ea7\u3002\u672c\u6765\u7684\u6709\u95f2\u9636\u7ea7\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u672b\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u6ca1\u843d\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5165\u4fb5\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u517b\u6709\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u5206\u5f00\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u6559\u517b\u7684\u662f\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u6743\u529b\u7684\u662f\u7f57\u9a6c\u58eb\u5175\u3002\u518d\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u5317\u65b9\u4eba\u6210\u4e86gentlemen\uff0c\u4f46\u5357\u65b9\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u66f4\u52a0\u6709\u6587\u5316\u3002\u77e5\u9053\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8d5e\u540c\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u653f\u5e9c\u9700\u8981gentlemen\u6765\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u9020\u6210\u4e86gentlemen\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u536b\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e8e\u662fgentlemen\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0dgentle\u6216\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u53d8\u5f97\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u666e\u53ca\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53ea\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u6709\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7ec4\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u65e5\u5b50\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u903b\u8f91 Aristotle&#8217;s Logic<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4f1a\u663e\u5f97\u66f4\u4f1f\u5927\u3002\u7136\u800c\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u667a\u6167\u6d3b\u8dc3\u671f\u7684\u672b\u7aef\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u51e0\u5343\u5e74\u6765\u6210\u4e86\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u7684\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\u3002 \u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u53d1\u660e\u4e86syllogism\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2amajor premise\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2aminor premise\u63a8\u51faconclusion\u3002syllogism\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1aBarbara: A+A-&gt;A\uff1bCalerent: E+A-&gt;E\uff1bDarii: A+i-&gt;i\uff1bFerio: E+i-&gt;O\u3002\u8fd9\u91ccA\uff1a\u5168\u80af\u5b9a\uff1bE\uff1a\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\uff1bi\uff1a\u7279\u522b\u80af\u5b9a\uff1bO\uff1a\u7279\u522b\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u662f\u53d1\u660e\u4e86formal logic\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u662f\uff1a 1. \u672c\u8eab\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\uff1b2. \u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86Syllogism\u5728\u6f14\u7ece\u6cd5\u4e2d\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u9a6c\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u201d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u51fa\u201c\u9a6c\u7684\u5934\u662f\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u5934\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba \uff1b3. \u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u6f14\u7ece\u6cd5\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e2d\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d \u3002induction\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u201c200\u5e74\u524d\u51fa\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u662fmortal\u201c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u662finduction\u6765\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6b7b\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5173\u4e8e\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u4e66\u91cc\u9762\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8bb2\u7684\u3002\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4eba+\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u767d\u4eba-&gt;\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u3002 \u8fd9\u4f1a\u5f15\u5165\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a \u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u90fd\u662f\u5c71+\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u90fd\u662f\u91d1\u7684-&gt;\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e9b\u5c71\u662f\u91d1\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e86\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u91d1\u5c71\u201d\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\uff01\u5728\u524d\u63d0\u201c \u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u90fd\u662f\u91d1\u7684\u201d\u91cc\uff0c\u4e0d\u8be5\u9690\u542b\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u91d1\u5c71\u201d\u7684\u9690\u542b\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u7528\u6cd5\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5982\u679c\u524d\u63d0\u91cc\u9690\u542b\u4e86\u5b58\u5728\u91d1\u5c71\uff0c\u7ed3\u8bba\u91cc\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u542b\u5b58\u5728\u91d1\u5c71\u3002\u867d\u7136\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u903b\u8f91\u6ca1\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u90fd\u662f\u5c71+\u6240\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u5c71\u90fd\u662f\u5047\u60f3\u7684-&gt;\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u4e9b\u5c71\u662f\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5c31\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u8ba9\u4eba\u89c9\u5f97\u77db\u76fe\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5982\u679c\u5c71\u672a\u5fc5\u90fd\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u201c\u6709\u4e9b\u5c71\u662f\u91d1\u7684\u201d\u5c31\u90a3\u4e48\u7a81\u5140\u4e86\u5462\uff1f\u8bf4\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u8bed\u8a00\u8fd0\u7528\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e09\u6bb5\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66 Aristotle&#8217;s Physics<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff1aPhysics\u548cOn the Heavens \u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4eba\u7684imaginative background\u662f\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u662fmotion\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5929\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u5462\uff1f\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5929\u4f53\u662f\u795e\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u66f4\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cdteleological\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Physics\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u662fPhusis\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8enature\u3002 \u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u5806\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u611f\u89c9\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u5389\u5bb3\u6216\u8005\u503c\u5f97\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\uff0c\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u6708\u4eae\u4ee5\u5185\u548c\u6708\u4eae\u4ee5\u5916\u3002\u8bf4\u5230\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u5706\u5468\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5e0c\u814a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u5929\u6587\u5b66 Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6ca1\u5565\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e89\u8bba\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u8bed\u6cd5\u638c\u63e1\u5f97\u4e0d\u624e\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A History of Western Philosophy \u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2 Bertrand Russell \u7f57\u7d20 9787100059954 \u5377\u4e00\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7bc7\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u4ee5\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u548c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u89d2\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e3b\u8981\u6284\u88adKate\u5199\u7684minutes\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5c11\u91cf\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[457,439,282,460],"class_list":["post-1786","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yesha","tag-aristotle","tag-bertrand-russell","tag-plato","tag-socrates"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1786","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1786"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1786\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1786"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1786"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yanntardis.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1786"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}